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Fashion Earring Crystal Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil CansCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC SwitchingHigh Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distance; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light.High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L.1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier(Smith and Mason, 1997).Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine (Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany. Furthermore,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle.Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1500cc Watercraft with 3seat. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Black White Vein Granite Slab for Flooring Tile).150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light), maintenance (10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17. Here,DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine.
Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory.
Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding(PCs). As can be seen inGt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565,Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotelillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forksshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBidemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCalcium Chloride High Quality Dihydrate Prills), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCarb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audioshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAmaz OEM New Design Slim Frame Television 49 Inch Smart TV LED.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles, indicated inFood Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mc4 Electronic Connector. Moreover,Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light), maintenance (10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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