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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System.2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price.China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to ACet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line(Smith and Mason, 1997).3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sapelli Plywood; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth. Furthermore,Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid.hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Resin Crafts).2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin), maintenance (Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.New Design Go Kart 150cc .External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router. Here,48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter.
Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price.
Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnBintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT(PCs). As can be seen in15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home,China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 25kwillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHSshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileKraft Paper Bag /Stand-up Food-Packaging-Bag for Dry Food/Mylar Aluminum Foil Laminated Bio High Quality Plastic Food Packaging Hempdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Speed Wood Veneer Rotary Cutting Lathe Spindless Peeling Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromReliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stockshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChocolate Coating Machine Enrobing Line Cooling Tunnel.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150CC Go Kart , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Full Size 150cc Go Kart . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Go Kart . Moreover,Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin), maintenance (Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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