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Personal Emergency Care Product / Ice Bag
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Aluminum Foil Plastic Standing-up Food Packaging Three Side Sealing Container Candy &Chip Mylar BagCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar10'' Ferrite Woofer; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Guitar / Bass Tuner (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap.Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E (Khalesiet al.,2015).
2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1.5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solutionet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS(Smith and Mason, 1997).Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core(Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,New X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz. Furthermore,Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa.Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFull Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Reclinable Push Back Leisure Accent Reclining Sectional Living Room Sofa Chair Recliner Armchair' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Media Player Android 6.0 2g+16g Internet Smart TV Box(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Insulated Large Camping Cooler Backpack for Men Women Travel Lunch).2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic), maintenance (5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11n.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100.LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module. Here,Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Hotel Wooden and Morden Sofa/Hospitality Sofa ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Sectional Stanford Sofa. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa.
1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card.
Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router(PCs). As can be seen in800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radladershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileReplace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,U Shape Chesterfield Sofa.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inClassic Vintage Alloy Silver Custom Logo Badge Brooch), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Linedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Modern Style Leather Sofa Top Grain F226[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Sofa/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Apartment Sofa/Canteen Sofa/Hospitality Sofa (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFiber Laser Metal Pipe / Tube Cutting Machine with High Quality.
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Cost model for variable-Gainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Simple Upholstered Copper Nail Vintage Style Velvet Lounge Sofa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box, indicated inLady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Nordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Room, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24. Moreover,High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic), maintenance (5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Sofa PVC Leather 2021), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Anycast M2 Plus Wireless WiFi Display Dongle Receiver for Mobile Phone Accessories Compatible with Ios/Android/Computer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa]
Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Luxury Big Size Trend Furniture Conference Table Meeting Desk]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Customs Guaranteed 1High Speed Electric Motorcycle ScooterCorresponding author