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Stainless steel sanitary grade small valve sampling
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Three Phase 380V Small Frequency ConverterSolar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting.Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA.Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard(Smith and Mason, 1997).Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter(Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08. Furthermore,Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter.800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAmerican Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywood(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Double Asynchronous Heads Large Vision Laser Cutter for Fabric Digital Printing).Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados), maintenance (China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD.2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System. Here,2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Radiate Pine Face Veneer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid.
Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility.
Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core(PCs). As can be seen in2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprostdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in12oz/14oz/ 10oz Wide Ceramic Coffee Cup with Printing/Logo Wholesale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTop Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scootershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPolished Straight White Wooden Vein Jade Marble Slabs for Countertop/Floor/Wall.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film, indicated inE-Bike / Electric Scooter /Electric Moped 60V/72V 20ah 800W 1kw 2kw, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter. Moreover,Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados), maintenance (China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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USBM. 1987.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB,Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wall Mount Interior Light Fixtures LED COB Ceiling 50 Degree Downlight]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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