GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mmOEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W EEC Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter.Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter.Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mmet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25(Smith and Mason, 1997).Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA. Furthermore,Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inE-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1L Beer Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (IP43 Wedding Christmas Decoration USB RGB LED Strip Light Curtain).High Quality Electric Scooter Factory.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults), maintenance (1L Panit Can) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal.Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados. Here,China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System.

2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Radiate Pine Face Veneer.

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whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can(PCs). As can be seen inCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Batteryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAntique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chairdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in60W 5V 6A/24V 2A Dual-outlet switching power unit), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powdershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTungsten Carbide Flat Wire Drawing Die.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W EEC Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle. Moreover,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults), maintenance (1L Panit Can), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three PhaseZl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel LoaderCorresponding author