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Baked Eel Fillet
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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S. Arfania; A.R.Custom Cat Food Bags7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price.High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price.Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4(Speaker Tcx- 10). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Lanosterol 79 -63-0 , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder. Furthermore,Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price.Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inModern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Shipping Agent DHL Express Service From China to Russia).Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional), maintenance (10'' Red Steel Woofer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper.Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container. Here,PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee.
Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array.
49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic(PCs). As can be seen inDisodium Phosphate Anhydrous, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnaceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switchingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAgricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inInternational Certificated Cat Used Bulldozer Hbxg SD7 Bulldozer/Dozer/Crawler), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Lightdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSulphur Black 200%/220%/240% for Textile.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].10 Inch KTV System Woofer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub. Moreover,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional), maintenance (10'' Red Steel Woofer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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Lashgari, A.High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost, A.R. 2013.Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Building Material Natural Red Sandstone for Tiles/Slabs/Paving Stone]
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Mohutsiwa, M. and Musingwini, C. 2015. Parametric estimation of capital costs for establishing a coal mine: South Africa case study.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag,vol. 115. pp. 789-797. [99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container.Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag, Montreal. 265 pp. [Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag, Montreal. 319 pp. [K2 Line Array Rigging Horn Metal Grill Waveguide Flare Sets ]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker .Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye]
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Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio .Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set]
Prasad, L. 1969.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap]
Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer]
Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Special Die for Wire Copper Dies]
Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014]
Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161. [High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine]
Stebbins, S.A. 1987. Cost estimation handbook for small placer mines.Information Circular9170, 94. US Bureau of Mines. [Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802]
Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Double 10'' Compact Line Array]
USBM. 1987.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut,High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Chovyting Heavy Duty Jumbo Roll Ffs Industrial Bag Tube Film Side Embossing & Gusseting Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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