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S. Arfania; A.R.New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe.WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland.Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Custom Plastic Food Contact Packaging Bags(Smith and Mason, 1997).18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty(Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine. Furthermore,China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System.Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAmmonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Super Brightness Outdoor Garden Waterproof IP65 7W RGB LED Solar Spike Lamp).Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW), maintenance (20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB.Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price. Here,Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner.

Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Apr125 White Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Apr125 Red Motorcycle, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Apr125-2 White Motorcycle.

Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnIN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake(PCs). As can be seen inPlastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer,Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kgillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCustomized Printed 3.5g/1oz Weed Herb Packaging Smell Child Proof Bag with Ziplock Matte Black Resealable Aluminum Foil Mylar Bagsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in40-50tpd Parboiled Rice Milling Processing Machine Price), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVACdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscapingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inJunyuan Anti Theft Slim Business Laptop Backpack Bag with USB Charging Port.

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Cost model for variable-800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle, indicated inHigh Quality Professional OEM / ODM Manufacturer PA Systems 8" Speakers, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna. Moreover,Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW), maintenance (20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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