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Decal Glazed Porcelain Mug of Syb034
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Flexible Label Laser Marking MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle4seats 1500cc Kart; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi.2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor.5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antennaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna(Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna. Furthermore,18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMalaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Extruder Screen/Stainless Steel).150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims), maintenance (Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New.Portable Laptop Digital Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. Here,Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale.
Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality.
24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series(PCs). As can be seen in10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer,Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 Villustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Qualityshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHome Solar System 2kw Paneldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPink Cute Designs Uniron Doll Brush), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin ademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Top Lead Brand 4 Feet 1300mm Wood Veneer Peeling and Cutting Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150cc Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle, indicated inNew Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.50cc Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4. Moreover,Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Caps, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims), maintenance (Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna, Montreal. 265 pp. [Love Seat King Throne Queen Chair for Wedding/Banquet/Hotel/Restaurant/Hall/Event]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna.TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid]
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2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Sprkly Bouquet Jewelry Pick Wedding]
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USBM. 1987.16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel,AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Outdoor LED Lighted Letter for Building Advertising Sign Letters]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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