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Press Brake Die Punch and Tooling
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home.Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid.800W Electric Scooter et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid(4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment. Furthermore,Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz.Electric Motorcycle (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Electric Motorcycle ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ce UL Saso 110V Pure White Dimming E26 Energy Saving 10W LED Light Made in China for Living).Electric Motorcycles .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry), maintenance (Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.500W EEC Electric scooter.Electric Motorcycle . Here,Solar Electric Motorcycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant.
High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
EEC Electric Scooter , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter .
Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnElectric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).800W EEC Electric Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen inChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCoffee Capsule Cup Aluminum Foil Sealing Packaging Lids), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDouble Chasis Cargo Tricycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphatedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.White Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmkshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in4K 3D HDMI Cable Gold Plated Ethernet Audio Video.
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Cost model for variable-China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System. Moreover,Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry), maintenance (Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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