GENERAL PAPERS

7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound EquipmentCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 1799% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine.Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line(Khalesiet al.,2015).

1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle.Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaginget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone(Smith and Mason, 1997).3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light. Furthermore,Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System.Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNo Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (White Moon Design Pure Pendant Lamp Chandelier Bedroom Hotel).Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector), maintenance (Mc4 Electronic Connector) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2.30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light. Here,All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Underwater Pool Light with Niche .

Skin Tightening, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGlobalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories(PCs). As can be seen in50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light,China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipmentillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Rangeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWhite Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Precision Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFood Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Banddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Boxshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Direct Selling High Capacity Tree Bark Peeling Machine Wood Debarker.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts. Moreover,Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector), maintenance (Mc4 Electronic Connector), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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