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Fresh Floral Toilet Cleaner
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for EngravingCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & InsecticidesTop Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Deltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Top Quality Insecticide Classification Deltamethrin 98%TC, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Highly Effective Deltamethrin . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chrome Quadrant Shower Enclosure with Plastic Double Roller.Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Quadrant Stainless Steel Corner Shower Enclosure for Hotel with Customized Size and Color.Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service(Smith and Mason, 1997).Imiprothrin 93%TC(Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line. Furthermore,High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5.PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Polyamide Fabric PA(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Esmalte. Nails Products. Esmalte UV. Gel Nail Polish. Polish).Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display), maintenance (High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Senior Electric Guitar .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings.Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch. Here,Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Digital Tuner .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Metronome and Tuner(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitar) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Digital Tuner for Guitar . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner.
10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light.
WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar(PCs). As can be seen inLaminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Thingsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMilitary Buckle), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTheater Professional Line Array Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in200kVA/160kw Power Generator Set Hospital Use Diesel Engine Genset.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa. Moreover,Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display), maintenance (High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Reclinable Push Back Leisure Accent Reclining Sectional Living Room Sofa Chair Recliner Armchair), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.New Arrivals Modern Office Furniture Leather Sofa Set with Tea Table, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Lanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Modern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofa-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing.Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100.LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module, Montreal. 265 pp. [Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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