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Outdoor Waterproof Metal Back Lighted Letters
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSPCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party SpeakerLow Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Powered Speaker System for Home Theater, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate.Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4.Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8(Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket. Furthermore,New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (30ml Hemp Seed Extract Essence Anti-Aging Anti Wrinkle Lasting Moisturizing Skin Soothing Repair Oil).Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address), maintenance (Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag.Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2. Here,Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15.
Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console.
100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSkin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64(PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltageshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forkliftdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBrand Professional Manufacture Function Adjustable Durable Medical Oxygen Generator), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAdvanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wooddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in30ml Amber Glass Dropper Bottle with Tamper Evident Top.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price. Moreover,J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address), maintenance (Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Lashgari, A.Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G, A.R. 2013.KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound,10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Good Supplier Nylon Soft Hook & Loop Tape Velcroes Cable Winder Reusable Tie]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics.Manufacturer Supply 1.Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, Montreal. 265 pp. [316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker .10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket.Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, Montreal. 319 pp. [300cc Triciclo Con Cabina]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery.L-Arginine 99%, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Yn725g Yineng Mini Front End Loader]
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Prasad, L. 1969.High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn.R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials]
Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Dehydrating Agent / CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol Ipa]
Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Best Shipping Agent From China to Brazil]
Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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