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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale Professional Loudspeaker PRO Audio (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powder, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Chinese Top Local Anesthetic Exporter Bulk Sales Procaine CAS: 51-05-8. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2.High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Active Line Array Loudspeaker Low Frequency Coaxial 12-Inch Neodymium Speaker.Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Eventet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker(10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 18 Subwoofer Speaker with 12 Inch Audio Professional Kas Line Array; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer. Furthermore,Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event.High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOutdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Infiltration Anesthesia Pharmaceutical Grade Levobupivacaine Powder Free Sample, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2000W Sheet Metal Stainless Fiber Laser Cutting Machine).99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2), maintenance (Rimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker.Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club. Here,Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-GMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker..
Mixer Power Amplifier with USB, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array.
PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnKaraoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Coaxial Speaker TD10(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PA System 30W Waterproof Plastic Driver Unit for Horn Speaker with Stainless Steel Screw Outdoor Use,Outdoor Show Audio Lt12 Passive Line Array Speaker System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furnitureillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chipshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAlcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Inkdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Karaoke Microphone Bluetooth Sound Mixer Video Conference.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCheap Price Custom Design Decal Ceramic Mug), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220Vshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPPE//KN95/N95/3ply Disposable Medical Surgical Safety Face Shield Mask for Hospital/Virus Equipment and Supply with En14683 CE Type1 Type2 Type2r.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
PRO Audio PA Speaker . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Top Quality Tretinoin Powder Retinoic Acid for Skin Care, indicated inChina Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36. Moreover,Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2), maintenance (Rimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816.Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive.Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9, Montreal. 265 pp. [0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe]
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agents.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905.vol. 1.Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder]
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Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer SpeakerCorresponding author