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Desktop Auto CNC Sheet Metal Plasma Cutter for HVAC Duct
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Suzhou Innopack 1L Metal Rectangular Tin with Screw Cap in Low PriceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800WMimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid System.Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector.Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock(Smith and Mason, 1997).Solar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector(Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4. Furthermore,Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Luxury Aluminum Foil Container Lid Takeout).IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS), maintenance (Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System.Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine. Here,Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Velashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Popular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CE Approved Vacuum Cavitation Roller RF Velashape 3 Slimming Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)EEC EPA Extreme Adult RC Snowmobile.
Skin Renew Thermal RF & Fractional 2 in 1 Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Home Use RF Velashape Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
4.5kwp 7.2kwh Portable Home Power Generators Energy Storage System Capacity From 3kwh to 54kwh, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Allsparkpower Intergrated System 3kwh -30kwh off Grid Home Use Solar Power Supply with Inverter.
Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Price Home Solar Energy System 3kwh with 5 Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).New Design Stretch Mark Removal Beauty Machines(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Solar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery,Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for House(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Containershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileJwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,RF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomized 3D Car Badge for Cars), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHome Use RF Velashape Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,110cc 125cc 150cc 200cc Chain Drive Kids Mini Jeep UTV Car[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.RF Vacuum Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIron Die Struck Plating Gold&Soft Enamel Lapel Pin.
Cost model for variable-Gas Ski Adult PRO Electric Start Snow Scooter
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Portable Eiminate Cellulite Jaw Lifting RF Vacuum Apparatus/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Skin Whitening Machine / Fractional RF; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia Pain Relleving Cream USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Best Quality 1500cc Amphibious Jet Ski Hot Selling in Europe. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Supplier EEC and EPA Approved 1500cc Quadski. Moreover,Globalipl Body Face Slimming Fine Jaw Line 20MHz Device, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Chinese Chery 1500cc 4X4 Sport Buggies ATV UTV Quad Scooter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS), maintenance (Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,4seats 1500cc Kart), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid PowderTCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker WaterproofCorresponding author