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Hoozhu D12 Diving Light 1000 Lumens Dive Torch Flashlight Lamp
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBiYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
24 Channels Fixed Modulator, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan.Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Speaker Box F12+(Smith and Mason, 1997).Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650(DC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a. Furthermore,0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers.CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (860MHz Two Way Amplifier , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wafer Bicsuicts Chocolate Enrobing Machine Ce Certificate).1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power), maintenance (72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V.Loader. Here,18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel.
Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket.
Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover(PCs). As can be seen inPrinted Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box,High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Everun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Bladeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Usedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSolar Panels Lights LED Street Lamps Integrated with Built-in Battery), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNo Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Batterydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scannershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFDA Approved Feminine Ob Maxi Pads Menstrual Pad Sanitary Use with Wings.
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Cost model for variable-No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Power Saver Device ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip. Moreover,Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power), maintenance (72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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