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Carbon Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Double 10'' Compact Line ArrayCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1Industry Saveing Box ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA(Smith and Mason, 1997).Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker(High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD. Furthermore,Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEverun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70micron
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Disposable OEM Baby Cloth Diaper Diapers Manufacturer in Fujian China).Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2), maintenance (D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone.) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker.Runtz Packaging Mylar Ziplock Food Grade Plastic Zip Lock Bags Stand up Pouch Pet Custom Logo Bag. Here,Aluminum Foil Plastic Papacking Vacuum Puffed Food Bag, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1g 1/8oz 1/4oz 1/2oz 1oz Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Mylar Ziplock Food Packaging Pouch Plastic Film Bags for Mmj Gummy Bears Exit Container.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High bright Samsung 46" 49" 55" LCD video wall screen monitor(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Sell 99% Purity Diclofenac Sodium Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kiosk. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container.
10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Printed Food Packaging Doypack Aluminium Zipper Bags(PCs). As can be seen inGood Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1-Bromo-3,Cinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Carb Approved Birch Plywoodillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Useshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Capsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality OTR Bias Truck Tire Loader Tyre for Construction Equipments G2pattern 15.5-25), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Top Selling 1. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRed Galvanzed G80 Swivel Hook with Bearing.
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Cost model for variable-Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a 302- 79 -4/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Economic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inch; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Kas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Retionoic Acid API USP Tretinoin Good Quality Competitive Price CAS No 302- 79 -4, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Sound Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Line Array Loudspeaker. Moreover,LG 46" 49" 55" DVI LED video panel for monitoring, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2), maintenance (D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Customized Printed 3.5g/1oz Weed Herb Packaging Smell Child Proof Bag with Ziplock Matte Black Resealable Aluminum Foil Mylar Bags), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Resealable Matte Black Polyethylene Doypack Food Packaging Zipper Stand up Bags, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bag. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2-Way Speaker PS10 for High Quality Stage Monitor-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock.10'' Ferrite Woofer Best Price Loudspeaker.Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Display, Montreal. 265 pp. [IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Amazon Best Sell Custom Clears Silver Aluminum Foil Mylar Ziplock Stand up Pouch Bag.Vr36 Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Compact Line Array.Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Display, Montreal. 319 pp. [0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer]
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Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Factory Supply BMK Powder Glycidate CAS: 5413-05-8]
Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Fashion Metal Souvenir Trophy for Cheer Leaders No MOQ Custom Gold]
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USBM. 1987.Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline,Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Calcium Choride Manufacturer Supply High Quality Cacl2]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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