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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for SaleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC SupplierPA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator.0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System.2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roofet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof(3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Radiate Pine Face Veneer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid. Furthermore,Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work.1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tire Machine /Rubber Recycling Machine/Used Tyre).China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter), maintenance (DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies. Here,Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw.
2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.
Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket(PCs). As can be seen inBest Quality BMK Glycidate Raw Materials Fororganic Intermediates Bulk Price, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate,Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Heat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessenillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.4-Chloro-4'-Methylbenzophenone High Quality Products CAS 5395- 79 -9shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDeltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale Ceramic Factory Supply 11oz Popular Red Mug for Wholesale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Single 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligningshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFashion Men Double Shoulder Business Travel Leisure Laptop Computer Notebook Pack Backpack Bag with USB.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid. Moreover,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter), maintenance (DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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