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Protective Face Mask Surgical Medical Mask
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS SubwooferCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD.Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building constructionet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer(Smith and Mason, 1997).CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket(Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. Furthermore,800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles.10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustomized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Motorcycle Carburetor Intake Manifold Pipe Joint for Honda Cg125).Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (800W Electric Scooter ), maintenance (Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment.Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board. Here,Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electric Motorcycle .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electric Motorcycle . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Motorcycle .
Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids.
Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motorcycles (PCs). As can be seen inProfessoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader,800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor Chinaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwhdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomized Color and Decal Printing Designs Colored Belly Shape Ceramic Coffee Cup), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.500W EEC Electric scooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electric Motorcycle [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Solar Electric Motorcycle(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBSCI Sedex Certified 10 Oz 10oz White Ceramic Stoneware Coffee Mug.
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Cost model for variable-Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant, indicated inChlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Electric Motorcycle , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)EEC Electric Scooter . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter . Moreover,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (800W Electric Scooter ), maintenance (Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,800W EEC Electric Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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