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Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for HomeCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(Khalesiet al.,2015).

12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lights.5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna(Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter. Furthermore,Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGood Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vitreous Hemorrhage , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Support OEM/ODM CE/FDA Certificate Cleaning Product Antibacterial 75% Alcohol Water-Less Hand Sanitizer Gel).High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg), maintenance (Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle.ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork. Here,Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle.

Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack.

Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSporty 500W/ 800W /1000W. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna (PCs). As can be seen inHK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China,Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Applianceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basketshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Police Motorcycle 250cc.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Waterproof and Easy to Install Soft LED Neon Flex Sign Suitable for Bar Wedding), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDisc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decorationshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in800kVA/640kw Power Generator Set for Hospital Diesel Engine Genset.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 , indicated ina. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.860MHz Two Way Amplifier , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas. Moreover,China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg), maintenance (Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,24 Channels Fixed Modulator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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