GENERAL PAPERS

USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows DeviceCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl KitHigh Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Industrial Grade SHMP (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit.Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink.Solvent Violet 59 et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application(Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Solvent Violet 11, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Solvent Violet 10b 9. Furthermore,Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe.Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (JIS SKD11 1.2379 D2 Cold Work Die Steel Plate).Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts), maintenance (Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Water Treatment Disodium Phosphate ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Food Grade Addictive Disodium Phosphate DSP) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4.Factory Supply Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate with Best Price CAS 7558- 79 -4. Here,K05/K10/ K20 /K30/K40 Tungsten Carbide Flat, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Bt Sk Cat Straight Collet Power Multi-Lock Chuck Milling Holder Arbors) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Disperse Violet 26 Dyes. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye.

Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Black.

Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance(PCs). As can be seen in3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Massage Bathtub,PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Colorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hzshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effectdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDC 12V SMD LED Strip Bar Light with U Aluminium Shell PC Cover), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEverun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internetdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electricity Power Saver for Industry shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inYc-T100-6 Modern Wholesale Foldable Melamine Laminate Restaurant Conference and Meeting Panel Table Furniture for Sale in Hotel Office.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Jwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Jwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Jwell - High Performance Shoes PEVA Hotmelt TPU Film Production Line, indicated inOrange Color Masterbatch, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Polythene Plastic Sheet Making Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in China. Moreover,1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts), maintenance (Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108.         [5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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