GENERAL PAPERS

AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD DrivesCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System.E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywoodet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 (Smith and Mason, 1997).Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale(China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter. Furthermore,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry.14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHome Solar System 2kw Panel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Solar Garden Light 16 LED Outdoor Super Bright Motion Induction Wall Lamp).2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale), maintenance (Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. Here,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators.

Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging.

150cc Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter(PCs). As can be seen inPRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Professional DSP Active Line Array, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium,50cc Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensorsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin ashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inProfessional Oxygen Concentrator Medical Home 5L Mini Generator), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNew Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antennademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Caps[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.LG 46" 49" 55" DVI LED video panel for monitoringshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFashion Brooch.

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Cost model for variable-5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China. Moreover,High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale), maintenance (Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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