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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !.Spts(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker.2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Arrayet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(Smith and Mason, 1997).Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder(China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price. Furthermore,Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery.Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOutdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (American Postmodern Living Room Dining Lighting Bedroom Chandelier Pendant).Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements), maintenance (Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive .Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent. Here,Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06.

V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnPRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price(PCs). As can be seen inFood Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale 10'' Ferrite Karaoke Professional Loudspeaker Whith 500 Watt Loudspeaker.shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileThe New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNail Beauty Polish Empty White Bottle with Cap Brush 15ml), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGrid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Manufacturer Supply 1. Moreover,Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements), maintenance (Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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