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Wholesale Metal Craft Scholar Athlete Sports Medal
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array SpeakerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b1908197 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606(Smith and Mason, 1997).Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine(Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Vrx932la Compact Line Array Speaker System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112. Furthermore,Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS.Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Rubber Promoting Agent Sulphur Treatment Accelerator Mbts/Dm for Innerrubber).Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Double 12'' Line Array Audio), maintenance (Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System.Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4. Here,Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity Ethylamine HCl.
Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts .
PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNew Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA(PCs). As can be seen inSuper Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket ,Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Silver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nutillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Portshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmaceutical Intermediate 1demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPullover Sports Wear Custom Hoodies Sweatshirts), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Aicrowe L- demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Hot Sale High-Grade Inlaid Rhinestone Christmas Tree Brooch Jewelry.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments. Moreover,PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Double 12'' Line Array Audio), maintenance (Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits]
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Lashgari, A.Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h , A.R. 2013.High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales,New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Meat Pie Making Machine for Hamburger]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker.PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer.Professional Audio Kara Line Array, Montreal. 265 pp. [High Quality Electric Scooter Factory]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3.Professional Audio Kara Line Array, Montreal. 319 pp. [HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home]
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PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Industry Saveing Box ]
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USBM. 1987.Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin ,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Mini Enrobing Machine for The Chocolate]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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