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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System.Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil(Khalesiet al.,2015).

866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home.Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oilet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw(Smith and Mason, 1997).Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid(3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)800W Electric Scooter , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut. Furthermore,Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment.Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Motorcycle

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2014 Jewelry Factory Wholesale Fashion Cute Crystal Brooch).Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids), maintenance (Electric Motorcycles ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader.Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader. Here,500W EEC Electric scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electric Motorcycle .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solar Electric Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini.

0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Electric Motorcycle .

EEC Electric Scooter , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm(PCs). As can be seen inAdult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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800W EEC Electric Motorcycle,No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Capillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inJade New Products Ferrari Plastic Toys for Children 47300), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustomized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSmall 75% Alcohol Disinfection 99.9% Skin Disinfectant Hand Sanitizer with Ce/FDA.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices. Moreover,Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids), maintenance (Electric Motorcycles ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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