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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit Seal(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kits for Sumitomo.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket.16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Deltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021.Top Quality Insecticide Classification Deltamethrin 98%TCet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+Bt(Smith and Mason, 1997).Highly Effective Deltamethrin (Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chrome Quadrant Shower Enclosure with Plastic Double Roller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Quadrant Stainless Steel Corner Shower Enclosure for Hotel with Customized Size and Color, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle . Furthermore,Imiprothrin 93%TC, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide.Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink and Adhesives(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Outdoor Garden Lighting/Electric Lights/China Solar Light/Lamp).Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PA), maintenance (High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Polyamide Fabric PA) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display.High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings. Here,Senior Electric Guitar , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS.

Digital Tuner , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Metronome and Tuner, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitar, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Digital Tuner for Guitar .

Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp(PCs). As can be seen inNew Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light,WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachmentsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agentdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless steel sanitary plastic handle butterfly valve), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Guitar / Bass Tuner . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Modeldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inManual chinese stainless steel welded diaphragm valve.

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Cost model for variable-WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1, indicated inQige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner. Moreover,New X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PA), maintenance (High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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