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20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator Cost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China.High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Easy Sight Best Configuration CCTV Inspection Robot for Mainline).Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad), maintenance (Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Vitreous Hemorrhage ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle .Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg. Here,Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork.

Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan.

Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc(PCs). As can be seen inRoof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric,800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GBshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while6 Cyl Head and Rotor demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFood Delivery Backpack Commercial Quality Insulated Warmer), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Arrival Gift Cup for Birthday Customized Mug Coffee From China.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Police Motorcycle 250cc/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale . Moreover,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad), maintenance (Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.860MHz Two Way Amplifier , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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