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Nail Art Beauty Manufacturer Temperature Change Gel Polish
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Power Saver Energy Saving DeviceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Sulfasalazine CAS No. 599- 79 -1E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Double 10'' Compact Line Array(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Karaoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2 X HDMI.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
L10/83267-Professional Audio 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Single 10 " Waterproof Polyurea Active Line Array Speaker Systems. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag.Two-Way Single 10 " Professional Waterproof Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional 8 Mono+2 Stereo 10 Channel DSP Audio Mixer with 48V Phamton Power Supply.Printed Polyethylene Plastic Foil Packaging Roll Film for Packing Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Q1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage Performance(18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Recycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturers, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Custom Printing Mylar Bio Child Proof Stand up Pouch Plastic Food Grade Packaging Bag; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Kas Professional Dual 15 Inch Subwoofer 10 Line Array Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Custom Printing Laminated Plastic Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Mylar Manufacturers. Furthermore,Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200W, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder.Line Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packaging. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inArticulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Top Quality Pharmaceutical Chemical 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Prevent Plant Diseases with Good Price' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China Manufacture Factory E-3/L-3 16.00-24 OTR Tire).Food Packaging Bag.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker), maintenance (PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeaker.Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36. Here,Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags.
PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Manufacturer Supply 1.
Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock(PCs). As can be seen inFree Sample 5GHz Antenna Rubber Gain, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde
Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate ,Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Pasteillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Low Price 4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kwdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSuperhawk Smartway Certified 295/75r22.5 Steer Tire for Trucks), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromKaraoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.OEM White Black 100V 8ohms Wall Mounted on Speaker with Two Way Driver Lbg-5084 20Wdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pumpshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTwo Way Radio Ptt Walkie Talkie Air Tube Neck Throat Mic Earpiece for Cls1110 Vx-261 Cls1410 Rmm2050 Rmv2080 Clp1010.
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Cost model for variable-Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Karaoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear, indicated inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof. Moreover,Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker), maintenance (PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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