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Synthetic Diamond Single Crystal Wire Drawing Die
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.10'' Red Steel Woofer150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub(aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show. Furthermore,Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable.LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Professional Noise Cancelling Helmet Earpiece Two Way Radio Light Weight Headset with Mic for Nx-5200/5300/5400).10 Inch KTV System Woofer.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container), maintenance (Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub. Here,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price.
PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1-Bromo-3, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Low Price 4.
High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZiplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Tretinoin with Good Price , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tinshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSMD Waterproof P6 Indoor Full Color LED Display Screen), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSet Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.K2 Line Array Rigging Horn Metal Grill Waveguide Flare Sets demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOphthalmic Auto Refractometer Keratometer Kr-9600 Touch Screen Color with Ce and FDA.
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Cost model for variable-Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio , indicated inBoring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut. Moreover,High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container), maintenance (Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaging, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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