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Manufacture Polo T Shirt Men100% Polyester Plain Shirts
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil CupCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm.Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing.Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Rollet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot(High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Converter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gt1749V , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2004-10 for Volkswagen; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine. Furthermore,Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar.Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Design CNC Router Woodworking Machine for Wood Door Machinery).Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic), maintenance (Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Pipe Bevelling Machine ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade.Green Color HDPE Masterbatch. Here,Blue Masterbatch for Film, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Yellow HDPE Masterbatch(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders.
Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits.
Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnT-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence(PCs). As can be seen inLED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Deliveryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bagsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBio-Nematicide Abamectin/Avermectin 1.8% Ew), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGuitar / Bass Tuner ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Lineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLED Mask Teraphy Facial Face Photon Light Therapy.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Master Batch Organic Colors; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Orange Color Masterbatch. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch, indicated inCrystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality. Moreover,Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic), maintenance (Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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