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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in InverterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle.Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Moped(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter .Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet(Smith and Mason, 1997).3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate(1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Furthermore,Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket.with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inUpgraded New Grille Skytone Vera 12inch Top Plus 18inch Sub Line Array PRO Audio DJ System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Onion and Potato Chips Frying Machine).Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine), maintenance (Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan.Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe. Here,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash.
High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan .
1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnRoadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier(PCs). As can be seen inKraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth,Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEaa 20FT 40FT Container Sea Freight Forwarder From China to UK FCL Shipping), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromOkoume Veneer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Inkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atcshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Offset Printed Metal Pin Badge with Epoxyhot Sale Lapel for Promotional Gift Epoxy Coating.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade, indicated inHandheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)ISO. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board. Moreover,HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine), maintenance (Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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