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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
White Ammonium Sulphate NPK FertilizerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good SoundRetinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer Supply 1. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System.Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker (Khalesiet al.,2015).
10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouchet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market(Smith and Mason, 1997).Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery(Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)L-Arginine 99%, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin . Furthermore,High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine.ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (HD P3.91 LED Display Screen for Wedding).10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64), maintenance (Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer.V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker. Here,Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr.
Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag.
Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnKraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Invertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileYanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12sdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Alumimun Foil Film Bag.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAll-in-One Integrated Style E27 Dimmable 8W LED Bulb with Energy Star Made in China for Office), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSpts) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesaledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Lf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Keyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inArtificial Marble Engineered Quartz Stone Slabs.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.D&B Style Dual 10 " Professional Speaker Line Array , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)UV Protection Agent 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Mesh Number Can Be Customized Exogenous Biological Compounds. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Line Array 10 Inchneodymiun PRO Audio Woofer. Moreover,Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch Rice, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64), maintenance (Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line Array, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Manufacturer Supply 1-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2]
Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.Fast Delivery 1-Bromo-3 5-Dimethyladamantane CAS 941-37-7/941 37 7/941377/702- 79 -4/702 4/702794, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface ]
Lashgari, A.Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4, A.R. 2013.High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment,10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Wholesale Custom Fashion Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Cubic Zirconia Butterfly Earrings for Kids]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Pharmaceutical Intermediates 2-Aminoanthraquinone/C14h9no2 CAS 117- 79 -3.High Quality 1.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, Montreal. 265 pp. [Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.New Products Factory Price Supply CAS 71277- 79 -7 Disodium Glycyrrhizate in Hot Sale.Pharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, Montreal. 319 pp. [Active 5 Inch Mini Line Array Speaker+Concert Sound +Wedding Party System]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Custom Stand up Pouch/Plastic Food Packaging Bag with Zipper.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [N]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Sell Well Opa.Best Price O-Phthalaldehyde, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker]
O'hara, T.A. 1980. Quick guide to the evaluation of ore bodies,CIM Bulletin,February. pp. 87-89. [Factory Directly Supply Stoneware Glazed Coffee 11oz Mug]
O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Good Quality Powder CAS 56377- 79 -8 Nosiheptide with Best Price.vol. 1.Guarantee Lowest Price 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 in Hot Selling Fungicide, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8.High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive]
Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Q1 Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Double 10 Inch Two-Way PRO Audio.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%]
Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Customized Chrome Car Badge with ISO/Ts16949 Certified]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch]
USBM. 1987.Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruit,Lmhf Audio Dual 10 Inch Passive Speaker Professional Line Array System Q210-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wedding Dress in Plus Size]
Wills, B.A. and Napier-Munn, T. 2011. Wills' Mineral Processing Technology: An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery. 7th edn. Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, Amsterdam. [Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional]
Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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