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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult.Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(Khalesiet al.,2015).

475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use.959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooter(Smith and Mason, 1997).498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce. Furthermore,High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWaterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Precision Metal Parts Diamond Wire-Drawing Dies).CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans), maintenance (Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint.Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W. Here,Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.8t 800kg Small Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric.

Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult.

Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab,2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Gradeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVeterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehousedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inP265gh P355gh SA516 Gr65 Hochfeststahlplatte born), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHe-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter

Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shoveldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouchshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHeavy Ce Standard High Quality OEM Floor Spring for 300kg Glass Door.

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Cost model for variable-15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, indicated inHot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use. Moreover,4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans), maintenance (Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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