GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.1500W Electric MotorcycleIsoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).

21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time.Home Solar System 2kw Panelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner(Smith and Mason, 1997).Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner(Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price. Furthermore,843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H.Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMotor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Lemon Yellow Mini LED Neon Rope Light with DIP 80LEDs/M).Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity), maintenance (500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter.China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle. Here,60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump.

Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC.

Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnPlaner Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader(PCs). As can be seen inDual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Converter 75HP Three Phasesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inProfessional Factory Manufacturing Miniature Household Portable Brand Oxygen Generator), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromKas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Supplier 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOEM/ODM Customized Labelsce FDA Certification 8oz 236ml 75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Gel Disinfectant.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw. Moreover,10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity), maintenance (500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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