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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Scooter Parts.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive(Khalesiet al.,2015).

CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200.4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine (Smith and Mason, 1997).Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator(Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output. Furthermore,6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ctorch 2021 New Pillar LED Bulb Light 18W).Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), maintenance (316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter.High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter. Here,4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting.

Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17.

Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLaunch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre(PCs). As can be seen inMotorbicycle with Stable Wheels, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine,Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.50W 8" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Micsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Healthdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Logo Leather Luxury Travel Jewelry Zipper Case Storage Lady Cosmetic Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factorydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern.shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMould for Liquefied Gas Stove Panel.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire. Moreover,20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), maintenance (316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Fractional RF & Thermal Machine ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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