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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ IpaWiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Tetracaine HCl CAS136-47-0, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotion. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa.Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China.Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active(Smith and Mason, 1997).8X4" Active Column PA Speaker(Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PA Power DJ Audio Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker. Furthermore,Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker.Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System.(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom High Quality 100% Polyester Printing Black Plain Baseball Jersey with Your Logo).CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine), maintenance (120W 12" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Powersoft Professional Line Array Active Subwoofer Column System DSP PRO Audio Speaker PA Ml15SA.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Single 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap Price PA Speaker of Line Array Rigging 8 Inch ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer DSP Function Indoor Outdoor PA System Bass Speaker with Vk10SA19729.PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" . Here,6inch Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio Muslims, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Aluminium Back Plate for PA Speaker ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Quick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance.
Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker Parts , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801.
Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone with Best Price, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" ,PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Pasteshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCe Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeperdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PA Speaker Steel Back Plate .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWinch Servo), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from900watt Amplifier Moudel Borad Chinese Class -D) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminairedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Outdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PS10 High Power 10 Inch Monitor PA Speaker for Live Performanceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.20dB Gain DJ Mixing Console with MP3 Input (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTebuconazole 80%WP.
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Cost model for variable-PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.50W 8" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
High Quality Professional OEM / ODM Manufacturer PA Systems 8" Speakers. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.K2 Line Array Rigging Horn Metal Grill Waveguide Flare Sets , indicated in5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
12 Inch Karaoke Bar KTV Speaker Professional PA Passive Stage$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Proxima Entertainment S-320 Speaker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Karaoke Voice Reduction Professional Audio Converter Proaudio . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sp215 Sound Prince Style Speaker Acoustic. Moreover,China GMP Factory Supply Ester Anesthetic Prilocaine Base Raw Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 721-50-6, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap 500W Professional Audio Speakers Dual 15 Inch Speaker , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine), maintenance (120W 12" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Sale Bulk Price1), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Passive Full Range 2-Way Speaker Line Array for Outdoor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Free Sample Veterinary Drugs Xylazine Hydrochloride Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 USA Warehouse. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Power Horn Speaker H3-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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