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Luxury Aabic Style Handmade Matted Finishing Square Shape Wood Perfume Gifts Boxes Made of MDF and Polyresin for Bakhoor or Incense
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /BlackCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound.Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !.Sptset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker(SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address. Furthermore,Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price.Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (50tph Energy Saving Mining Machinery Gravity Separator Machine Monazite Separation).Q210 Passive PA Speaker System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient), maintenance (Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial.Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers. Here,Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7.
CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth .
Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFeiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater(PCs). As can be seen in2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price,J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M Fillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottlesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale 10'' Ferrite Karaoke Professional Loudspeaker Whith 500 Watt Loudspeaker.demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSuper Absorbency Adult Diaper Overnight Breathable Incontinence Diapers Elder Cares Product), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Top Selling 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in375ml Glass Stretch Hock Wine Bottle Flat-Bottomed Cork Finish - Case of 12.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System. Moreover,60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Manufacturer Supply 1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient), maintenance (Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable.Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container.D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array , Montreal. 319 pp. [16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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