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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient(Smith and Mason, 1997).1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap(AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Scooter Parts, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price. Furthermore,Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSingle 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (925 Sterling Silver Antique Charm Jewelry Manufacturer in China).Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use), maintenance (Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale.45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater. Here,Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace.

Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter.

4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater(PCs). As can be seen inZl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falanteshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basketdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Waterproof Taiwan Nylon Fashion Women Waistbag Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Healthdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Functionshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in10t 12m Electric Wire Rope Pulling Hoist.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine. Moreover,No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use), maintenance (Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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