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Combo Speaker Professional Loudspeaker /Doule 10'' Line Array SystemCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Suzhou Innopack 1L Metal Rectangular Tin with Screw Cap in Low Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce.Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce(Khalesiet al.,2015).

OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price.Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic(Smith and Mason, 1997).1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw(PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)L5 Nylon Mining Loader OTR Tyre 20.5-25 off-The-Road Tire, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Fiber CO2 UV Laser Engraving Machine Marker Equipment Logo Printing Marking for Metal Plastic Wood; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Model High Quality 4 Stroke LED Efi 50cc 100cc 110cc Gasoline Scooter Gas Moped Super Soco Bike Mini. Furthermore,Tycorun Solar DC to AC Inverter 3kw/4kw/5kw/6kw on Grid Tied Single Phase for Home, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Inverter.Eougem Mini 0.8 Ton Front End Loader of Good Quality 25kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi Monitoring. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale Android 9.0 4K HD IPTV Set Top Box Amlogic S905W 2GB 16GB Smart Internet TV, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPerkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,No Flicker Glare High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Wheel Loader 25kw Mini, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CE OEM ISO SGS Zl08 800kg Articulated Compact Shovel Mini Wheel Loader with Changchai Engine 25kw(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale Sulphur Black for Textile Dyestuffs).2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Style Underwater IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), maintenance (off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phase) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,12V DC/AC 18W/24/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 25kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (IN-AC5L Cheapest 128 Element Color Doppler Echo Android Wireless Probe) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Sale Big Pickup Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooled Engine.AC12V RGB Mini PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light. Here,12V AC Warm White PC Mini Flat Resin Filled LED Pool Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Medical Equipment Portable Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Genuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada Market. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 Hot Sale Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool.

4GB32GB 4K Android TV Box Digital Display T95X2 with Amlogic S905X2 Internet Quad Core CPU Media, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Laptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use.

Solar & Mains Storage Battery Charger with Inverter to 80AC 3840wh, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCamping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter 80A Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate(PCs). As can be seen inTransparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840wh 80A 220V Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Activeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessoriesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Fiber Laser Marking Color Printing Machine Price 30W 50W 100W Mopa.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Lower Price Adult Pants Diaper for Elderly Old People), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPharmaceutical Chemicals Cefodizime Sodium CAS 86329- 79 -5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Supply 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWater Soluble Fluorescent Yellow Green Dye.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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150cc Automatic Racing Sports Exclusive Design ATV $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATV, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV Amplifier. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc. Moreover,Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Style Underwater IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), maintenance (off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phase), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [UK/ Us /Au/EU Plug Adapter 5V 3A Power Supply 15W Charger]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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