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Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to IndiaCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kgPolyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork.Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan(IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery. Furthermore,City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack.Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Best Quality Steel Plate Press Brake Machine with E21 Controller).Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling), maintenance (150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.860MHz Two Way Amplifier .5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. Here,5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-24 Channels Fixed Modulator) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar.

Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650.

80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHo-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type(PCs). As can be seen inASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer,860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Best Price O-Phthalaldehydeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Local Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileEverun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBlack Wholesale Men Design Oversized Tshirt), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.860MHz Two Way Amplifier . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTumbler Stainless Steel Travel Camping Wine Coffee Mug with Handle.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger. Moreover,China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling), maintenance (150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Loader. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture WorkingRF Wrinkle Removal Beauty MachineCorresponding author