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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency DriveCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV AmplifierFood Additives L-Arginine with Low Price; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module .Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410(Smith and Mason, 1997).Encryption Ts Satellite IRD(Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Best Sale 150cc Adults 4 Wheeler Petrol Power Racing Quad, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle. Furthermore,Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle.28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,The Newest 110cc 125cc 150cc Toyota Mini Buggy , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Mask Therapy 7 Color for Beauty Salon Light Photon).High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warranty.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi), maintenance (Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm. Here,12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Resin Filled AC12V PAR56 & DC12V Flat LED Wall Underwater Light with Edison Chip.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.L5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip.
2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Use, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.
Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Grid Tied Inverter 3kw(PCs). As can be seen inFrequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Factory Mining Tyre,Low Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Power(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBiillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yardshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10 Inch 600W High-End Stage Line Array PRO Audiodemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Concentrated Rose Fragrance for Shampoo), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromComplete Automatic Plastic Bottle Pure Drinking Water Filling Bottling Packing Machine Line) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1L Metal Screw Top Round Machine Oil Tank. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Waterproof Flexible RGB LED Neon with 12V.
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Cost model for variable-Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights, indicated inCompact Two-Way 4'' 6'' 8'' 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder. Moreover,Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi), maintenance (Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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