GENERAL PAPERS

0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood VeneerCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver.Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching(Khalesiet al.,2015).

New Design Go Kart 150cc .External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Routeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx(Smith and Mason, 1997).48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery(99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery. Furthermore,Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power.200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Baby Products Disposable Soft Waist Diaper for Girl/Boy).Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China), maintenance (Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue.China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality. Here,Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-150CC Go Kart .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Full Size 150cc Go Kart (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Go Kart ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale.

0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna.

150cc Go Kart with EEC , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile(PCs). As can be seen inNatural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle ,2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pumpillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply  2-Phenylbenzimidazole  CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programmingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Supplier High Quality), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromModern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lidsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Saveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2014 Brand New Mermaid White Lace Sweetheart Organza Wedding Dresses Bridal Gowns.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding. Moreover,5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China), maintenance (Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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