GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery.Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500Wet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pigment Violet 23 Liquid(Smith and Mason, 1997).World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple(Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE. Furthermore,Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inQ1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale 65 Inch 4K Smart Digital Big Screen TV).Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood), maintenance (China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power.Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading. Here,2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult.

2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects.

2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite(PCs). As can be seen inTriple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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20kw Grid Tied Solar System,Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyaoillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylarshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inIP44 Waterproof Multi Plug Socket /Waterproof Wall Sockets for Industrial), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinerydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kitsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPolish/Honed/Leathers Sandstone Granite Tiles/Slab/Backsplash with White/Grey/Beige/Black/Yellow/Gold Paving Stone Discount.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency Converter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale. Moreover,Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood), maintenance (China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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