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2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather SofaCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400HzCe Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale.Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale.Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for AC12V RGB Mini PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe(2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork. Furthermore,18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Making, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price.9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAndroid Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC Drive' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Dual Side 55inch 65inch 75inch Digital Bus Shelter Passenger Information Display).Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use), maintenance (12kw Grid Tied Solar System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter . Here,China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sporty Electric Scooter .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.SMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATV. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyao.

Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form.

Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnElectric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5(PCs). As can be seen inSamsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light,PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Ethyl 2-Bromovalerate Liquid CAS 615-83-8illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wavedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inReal Factory Supplies Accept OEM Perfume Samples), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beautydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEco Friendly Self Sealed Mailer Box.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System. Moreover,Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Ash Solid Wood decoration Board, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use), maintenance (12kw Grid Tied Solar System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity.), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800ml Square Metal Containers, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel Jwell  PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion MachineCorresponding author