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Easy Clean Operation Room Hospital Homogeneous Vinyl Flooring
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
12kw Grid Tied Solar SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
10'' Red Steel Woofer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic.Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper.Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Containeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike(Smith and Mason, 1997).PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker(5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub. Furthermore,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate.Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (56mm Easy Peel off Foil Lids for Food Packaging).Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy), maintenance (L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (10 Inch KTV System Woofer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container.10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio. Here,10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder.
RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price.
PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1-Bromo-3(PCs). As can be seen inSolar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GBdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPre-Dispersed Rubber Chemicals Masterbatch CAS No. 9035-99-8 S-80), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Coredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2014 Hot Sale Convector Rotary Oven.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker , indicated inChina High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio . Moreover,Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy), maintenance (L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV.10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone..Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10, Montreal. 319 pp. [Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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