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Stage Performances Indoor LED Display Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine LineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stock(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System.Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouseet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(Smith and Mason, 1997).Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array(PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine. Furthermore,Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vrx932la Compact Line Array Speaker System.Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Calacatta Panel Stone Slab Engineered Artificial for Kitchen).Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO), maintenance (Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Double 12'' Line Array Audio) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12.DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker. Here,15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min.
Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Purity Ethylamine HCl.
Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPA Speaker Cabinet Accessories . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Topiramateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSilver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nutdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale Cosmetic Zipper Pouch), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factoryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCheese Cracker OEM Accept Cream Biscuit.
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Cost model for variable-99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock, indicated in10 " Plywood Professional DSP Active Speaker , and major extrapolation should be avoided.
67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale. Moreover,Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO), maintenance (Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales.New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi.New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci, Montreal. 265 pp. [Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118.Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker.New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci, Montreal. 319 pp. [Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace]
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White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System AudioNew Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker SystemCorresponding author