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Container Shipping from China to Belgium Antwerp
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine PowderCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock.Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive.MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generatoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD(3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture. Furthermore,Radiate Pine Face Veneer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai.1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil ' names:
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Solar Energy Kit Portable Lighting System).DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter), maintenance (2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle. Here,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter.
Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter.
Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service(PCs). As can be seen inSolar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmittershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilealuminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat displaydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChenille Fabric), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Qualitydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Partsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMarsway I-3 Series Industrial Tyre for The Size 12.5/80-18.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles. Moreover,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter), maintenance (2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof, Montreal. 265 pp. [Master Batch Organic Colors]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof, Montreal. 319 pp. [Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter]
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2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [OEM Beautiful Frame Android Smart LED TV Screen Home 32 Inch HD FHD]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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