GENERAL PAPERS

7.5HP Frequency Converter VectorCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat ResistantSpeaker Tcx- 10; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price.Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4.Lanosterol 79 -63-0 et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw(Smith and Mason, 1997).Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9(Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price. Furthermore,Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0.Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inElectric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Mini Relay with 5VDC).10'' Red Steel Woofer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker), maintenance (Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container. Here,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310.

Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel.

High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project(PCs). As can be seen inPharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switchingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPolyester Chenile Fabric/ Chenille Sofa Fabric/Upholstery Fabric), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from12kw Grid Tied Solar System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adultsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10 Inch KTV System Woofer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inApril Floral Long Lasting Detergent Powder Fragrance.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9, indicated inOutdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder. Moreover,RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker), maintenance (Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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