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New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for SaleCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery.20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Electricity Power Saver for Industry .Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebikeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin(Smith and Mason, 1997).Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery(Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial. Furthermore,High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame.10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printing(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2216 2300K Waterproof 3mm PCB Us Light SMD White Flexible LED Strip).Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Electricity Saver Device ), maintenance (3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electricity Power Reducer ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25.Electrical Saver Box . Here,Sector Panel Antenna , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle.

Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device.

7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test(PCs). As can be seen in3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extractsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMotorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inValentine's Day Gift Artificial Foam Rose Flower Teddy Bear Unicorn), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGlobalipl Body Face Slimming Fine Jaw Line 20MHz Device) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpounddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inwaterproof Spc Flooring 4mm 5mm 7mm Click Tile.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres, indicated inCheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System. Moreover,Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Electricity Saver Device ), maintenance (3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Waterproof IP65 Microinverter 1200W 120-230VAC Single Phase Grid Tied Solar Panel Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Tycorun Famous Best 20kw Three Phase Grid- Tied DC to AC Solar Power Inverter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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