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Building Material Natural Red Sandstone for Tiles/Slabs/Paving Stone
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low PriceHigh Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vitreous Hemorrhage , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner .Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments(Khalesiet al.,2015).
B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine.Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle(Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter. Furthermore,China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W.150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Best Price Fa-8000 China Auto Refractometer).Police Motorcycle 250cc.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex), maintenance (250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale . Here,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-860MHz Two Way Amplifier ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas.
China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
24 Channels Fixed Modulator, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi.
12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnReplica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan(PCs). As can be seen inSolar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessoriesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSpecial Die for Wire Copper Dies), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lakeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChovyting Heavy Duty Jumbo Roll Ffs Industrial Bag Tube Film Side Embossing & Gusseting Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.860MHz Two Way Amplifier ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vitreous Hemorrhage , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System. Moreover,High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex), maintenance (250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line]
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Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner]
Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Hot Selling Insect]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging DeviceO-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8Corresponding author