GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic HDPE Pipe Production LineBrown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dust Collector for Granite Welding, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Low Water Absorption Polymer 610.High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inThe Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Graduation Day Graduate Gift Silver Hat Charm Bracelet Gd11).Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink), maintenance (20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines.Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health. Here,High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Benzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Premium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% EC.

PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine.

HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnErgonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost(PCs). As can be seen inAC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric Motor, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomized Kraft Padded Envelope Shipping Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPRO Audio Dual 10 " 900W Sound System Perfect Line Array Active Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tireshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSolar Home Energy Panel Kits Lighting System Battery Light Power Station.

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Cost model for variable-Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Truck/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dust Collector for Granite Welding, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Excellent Quality Hydraulic Arm Cyl Seal for E307D Excavator$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit Seal, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Excavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kits for Sumitomo. Moreover,Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink), maintenance (20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Deltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Top Quality Insecticide Classification Deltamethrin 98%TC-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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